9 Types of Mnemonics

	9 Types of Mnemonics for Better Memory By Dennis Congos, University of Central Florida http://www.learningassistance.com/2006/january/mnemonics.html
	Mnemonics are memory devices that help learners recall larger pieces of information, especially in the form of lists like characteristics, steps, stages, parts, phases, etc. We knew back in 1967 from a study by Gerald R. Miller that mnemonics increased recall. He found that students who regularly used mnemonic devices increased test scores up to 77%! Many types of mnemonics exist and which type works best is limited only by the imagination of each individual learner. The 9 basic types of mnemonics presented in this handout include Music, Name, Expression/Word, Model, Ode/Rhyme, Note Organization, Image, Connection, and Spelling Mnemonics. Music Mnemonics How many lyrics to songs do you remember? How did you come to remember them? The same method you used to recall song lyrics also can work just as well in academics. Music can used to help students recall important details to main ideas and many learners have made songs out of information when a list of items must be learned. Advertising on radio and TV uses music to help potential customers remember their products when shopping. With sufficient repetition of commercials, advertisers have discovered that when shoppers see their product in the stores that often the shopper will start reciting a oft repeated phrases from the commercial or start singing the lyrics to the promotion melody. The results has been increased sales of the product. You can make a song or jingle using any type of music you choose for any list of items. Music Mnemonics work best with long lists. For example, some children learn the ABC's by singing the "ABC" song. Other children learn all the states in alphabetical order using the "50 Nifty United States" song. Name Mnemonics In a Name Mnemonic, the 1st letter of each word in a list of items is used to make a name of a person or thing. Sometimes, the items can be rearranged to form a more recollectable name mnemonic. Examples: ROY G. BIV = colors of the spectrum (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet.) Pvt. Tim Hall = Essential amino acids (Phenylanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isolucine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine. Expression or Word Mnemonic This is by far the most popularly used mnemonic. To make an Expression or Word mnemonic, the first letter of each item in a list is arranged to form a phrase or word. Examples: For physical laws dealing with gasses, try these: Charles' Law: For a constant volume, pressure is directly proportional to temperature. The simple way to remember Chuck is if the tank's too hot, you're blown into muck. Henry's Law: The solubility of a gas increases with pressure. To remember good old Hank, remember the bubbles in the shaken Coke you drank. Boyles' Law: At constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. Boyle's law is best of all because it presses gasses awfully small. In English, the 7 coordinating conjunctions are For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So = FANBOYS. The order of operations for math is Parentheses, Exponents, Multiply, Divide, Add, and Subtract = Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally. The categories in the classification of life are Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Variety = Kings Play Cards On Fairly Good Soft Velvet. For those who have to remember the order of color coding on electronic resistors: Black, Blue, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Brown, Violet, Gray, White, Silver, Gold. Bad Boys Rile Our Young Girls, But Violet Gives Welts (to) Silly Guys or Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes Well (in) Silver Goblets. Almost every anatomy class has to remember the eight small bones in the wrist: Navicular, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Multongular (Greater), Multongular (Lesser), Capitate, Hamate. Never Lick Tilly's Popsicle, Mother Might Come Home. Create an Expression Mnemonic for remembering the order of the planets from the sun outward: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Model Mnemonics In a Model Mnemonic, some type of representation is constructed to help with understanding and recalling important information. Examples include a circular sequence model, a pyramid model of stages, a pie chart, and a 5-box sequence. Models should be used in addition to words and lists because they make recall at test time much easier. With a large model such as the Krebs Cycle, it is easier to learn and remember if it is divided into quarters and learned one quarter at a time; hence, the cross hairs. Ode or Rhyme Mnemonics An Ode or Rhyme Mnemonic puts information in the form of a poem. Examples include: A commonly used Rhyme Mnemonic for the number of days in each month is: 30 days hath September, April, June, and November. All the rest have 31 Except February my dear son. It has 28 and that is fine But in Leap Year it has 29. You'd probably prefer your doctor to know the difference between cyanate and cyanide: Cyanate "I ate" and Cyanide "I died." Cyanide is a little fatal. Remember this one? In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue. How is your spelling? I before e except after c or when sounding like a in neighbor and weigh Here is an easy way to remember the nerves: olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, acoustic, glassopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory and hypoglossal. On Old Olympus' Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops Note Organization Mnemonics The way textbook and lecture notes are organized can inhibit learning and recall or promote it. In the sense that the organization of notes can promote recall, it is a memory device. Three examples of organizing note formats that promote recall are as follows: Notecards Notecards are an easy way to organize main ideas and relevant details to be recalled. If main ideas are formatted into possible test questions, notecards can give learners practice in seeing questions and recalling answers as they must do on exams. Front Back Outlines Outlines clearly separate main ideas from details. This helps organize the information in the mind making it easier to remember. I. PIAGET'S THEORY  A. Four Stages    1. Sensorimotor    2. Preoperational    3. Concrete Operations    4. Formal Operations  B. Definition of each stage    1. Sensorimotor means ........ etc. Cornell System The Cornell System is another way to use a Note Organization Mnemonic to promote recall. A vertical line is drawn 3 inches from the left margin of notebook paper. Main ideas or questions from them are placed to the left of the line and details or answers placed to the right. Questions      Answers The topic used here is from How To Study In College (3rd edition) by Walter Pauk, pages 292 300. Image Mnemonics The information in an Image Mnemonic is constructed in the form of a picture that promotes recall of information when you need it. The sillier the Image Mnemonic is, the easier it is to recall the related information. These images may be mental or sketched into text and lecture notes. Don't worry about your artistic ability. As long as you know what your sketch means, Image Mnemonics will help you learn and remember. Examples: You can use an Image Mnemonic to remember BAT (the depressant drugs mentioned above - Barbiturates, Alcohol, and Tranquilizers). Visualize or sketch in your notes a limp, depressed bat that took Barbiturates, Alcohol, and Tranquilizers. Picture meeting someone new at a party named John Horsley. Use an Image Mnemonic to help you remember his name. Visualize a horse sitting on a john: not pretty but effective in recall. No example provided on this one. What is a numismatist? Visualize a new mist rolling onto a beach from the ocean and beach is made of coins. Silly? Of course, but sillyography makes it is easier to remember that a numismatist is a coin collector. How about using a bad joke to help you remember? Picture two numismatists having a drink for "old dime's sake." Corny? Yes, but cornography often makes things easier to remember. Connection Mnemonics In this type of mnemonic, the information to be remembered is connected to something already known. Examples include: Remembering the direction of longitude and latitude is easier to do when you realize that lines on a globe that run North and South are long and that coincides with LONGitude. Another Connection Mnemonic points out that there is an N in LONGitude and an N in North. Latitude lines must run east to west, then because there is no N in latitude. Another Connection Mnemonic is related to sound. The 1st part of the word latitude sounds like flat and flat runs horizontal or East and West. Spelling Mnemonics Here is an example of a spelling mnemonic: A principal at a school is your pal, and a principle you believe or follow is a rule. Another commonly used Spelling Mnemonic is combined with an Ode/Rhyme Mnemonic. I before e except after c or when sounding like a in neighbor and weigh A third example deals with the problems some learners have remembering that there is an "a" in the middle of separate and not an "e." A Spelling Mnemonic combined with an Image Mnemonic may be used to spell the word sep rate using an exaggerated "a." To spell Mississippi, many learners combine a Rhythm Mnemonic with a Spelling mnemonic: M-iss-iss-ipp-i. Here are some more examples of spelling mnemonics: Geography: George Edwards's Old Grandma Rode A Pig Home Yesterday. Arithmetic: A Rat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream. Saskatchewan: Ask At Chew An with an S in front of it. Take the 1st letter of each type of mnemonic listed above and print them below on the line to help you remember the 9 types. Have a Mnemonics Party Wanna' Practice? You become better at that which you practice. If you practice not making mnemonics…………………………………… Get some classmates or friends together and practice making mnemonics using the lists provided below. Nine times out of 10 everyone gets a side ache from laughing so hard before the exercise below is finished. Using the items below, devise a mnemonic for remembering each piece of information. Use any of the 9 types of mnemonics as a guide or combine any of the types. Try making a mnemonic without changing the order and then a few where you reorganize the items to fit your mnemonic. 9 characteristics that facilitate learning - Open-mindedness, self-awareness, tolerance, alert mind, energy, ability to set goals, willingness to take risks, self-discipline, and the capacity to value, accept, and undergo change. __________________________________________________________________________ Order of the planets from the sun out - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Pluto _________________________________________________________________________ Going shopping - Eggs, milk, onions, butter, cucumbers, lettuce, Tide __________________________________________________________________________ Blooms 7 levels of thinking ability - recall, translation, interpretation, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation __________________________________________________________________________ The royal houses on England - Norman, Plantagenet, Lancaster, York, Tudor, Stuart, Hanover, Windsor __________________________________________________________________________ Body's excretory organs - Liver, kidneys, skin, lungs, intestines __________________________________________________________________________ Reasons why reciting notes aloud increases memory - Gets you involved, provides feedback on what you know, supplies motivation, uses many senses in learning, and promotes concentration. __________________________________________________________________________ 6 types of machines - lever, inclined plane, axle and wheel, jackscrew, pulley, & gear. __________________________________________________________________________ 6 ways to purify water - settling, filtration, coagulation, chlorination, aeration, boiling. __________________________________________________________________________ Factors that affect water evaporation - temperature, area exposed, wind, and humidity. __________________________________________________________________________ How soil fertility is restored - rotating crops, adding fertilizer, resting the soil, sweetening the soil, draining and irrigating, undoing damaged or polluted soil. __________________________________________________________________________ Major features of sole proprietorship - easy to start, can make decisions quickly, no bosses, profits are not shared, losses are not shared, and borrowing is limited. __________________________________________________________________________ Four types of chemical reactions - synthesis, decomposition, single-replacement, and double-replacement. __________________________________________________________________________ Basic steps in the scientific method - state the problem, gather information on the problem, form hypothesis, experiment to test hypothesis, record data, analyze date, and draw conclusions. __________________________________________________________________________ General properties of matter - mass, weight, volume, and density. __________________________________________________________________________ Five parts of a deciduous forest - upper stratum, lower tree stratum, shrub layer, ground layer, soil layer. __________________________________________________________________________ Four Ocean zones - intertidal, near-shore, edge of continental shelf, perpetual darkness __________________________________________________________________________ You are only limited by the restrictions that you place on your own creativity. Questions or comments? Contact the author at dcongos@mail.ucf.edu.

Phrases

Occam's razor 
 (also written as Ockham's razor and in Latin lex parsimoniae) is a problem-solving principle devised by William of Ockham (c. 1287–1347). It states that among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected. Other, more complicated solutions may ultimately prove correct, but—in the absence of certainty—the fewer assumptions that are made, the better.
The application of the principle can be used to shift the burden of proof in a discussion. However, Alan Baker, who suggests this in the online Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, is careful to point out that his suggestion should not be taken generally, but only as it applies in a particular context, that is: philosophers who argue in opposition to metaphysical theories that involve allegedly “superfluous ontological apparatus”. Baker then notices that principles, including Occam’s Razor, are often expressed in a way that is not clear regarding which facet of “simplicity” — parsimony or elegance — is being referred to, and that in a hypothetical formulation the facets of simplicity may work in different directions: a simpler description may refer to a more complex hypothesis, and a more complex description may refer to a simpler hypothesis.
Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference is a mathematically formalized Occam's Razor:

Shorter computable theories have more weight when calculating the probability of the next observation, using all computable theories which perfectly describe previous observations.
In science, Occam's Razor is used as a heuristic (discovery tool) to guide scientists in the development of theoretical models rather than as an arbiter between published models. In the scientific method, Occam's Razor is not considered an irrefutable principle of logic or a scientific result; the preference for simplicity in the scientific method is based on the falsifiability criterion. For each accepted explanation of a phenomenon, there is always an infinite number of possible and more complex alternatives, because one can always burden failing explanations with ad hoc hypothesis to prevent them from being falsified; therefore, simpler theories are preferable to more complex ones because they are better testable and falsifiable.

The Hegelian Dialectic and its use in Controlling Modern Society

realnewsaustralia.com
April 8, 2013
What exactly is the Hegelian Dialectic? Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a 19th century German philosopher who devised a particular dialectic, or, method of argument for resolving disagreements. His method of arriving at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments is a system of thought process still use to this day.
To put it simply, the basis of Hegelianism dictates that the human mind can’t understand anything unless it can be split into two polar opposites. Good / Evil, Right / Wrong, Left / Right.
For example when people are talking about 2 political parties, Labor or Liberal, what they’re actually referring to, without realising it, is the thesis and the antithesis based off the Hegelian Dialectic. The only real debate that occurs is just the minor differences between those two parties. Nothing is said or done about the issues that neither left or right is discussing. This in particular will become more apparent as the election draws near



Another form of the Hegelian Dialectic is Problem – Reaction – Solution. Most of us unwittingly fall victim to it all too often and sadly if we don’t stop, we will continue to lose our free will and liberties. It has been widely used by our governments and corporations around the world. You could say that in terms of controlling the masses, and society in general, it’s deployment has been an effective tool in keeping humanity in check.
Almost all major events in history employ the Hegelian Dialectic of:
Problem – manufacture a crisis or take advantage of one already in place in order to get the desired Reaction of public outcry whereby the public demands a Solution which as been predetermined from the beginning.
A classic example is 9/11.
Only when you break the left/right paradigm and come to the realisation that the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan and the whole fake, and not to mention contradictory, war on terror was the desired outcome for the neo-conservatives within the Bush administration and the whole military industrial complex. They in fact stated in their own white papers the need for another catastrophic and catalysing event like a “new Pearl Harbour”.
Here’s a more current example of the Hegelian Dialectic is use. In Australia at present both of the main political parties on the eve of the upcoming election on September 7 are discussing “Boat People”. A derogatory term used to describe refugees and asylum seekers displaced by war or other hardships. I don’t believe they constitute what you would call a “crisis” as the statistics clearly show they aren’t, but for the purpose of this example, our Government is telling us they are a problem. The media is used to play up this problem in order to instigate a reaction (debate) in the public domain on how to tackle it. Both the opposition and ruling party offer their solution.
Again we see that the only real debate occurring is just the minor differences between those two parties. Nothing is said or done about the many other more important issues that neither left or right is discussing.
In order to avoid falling victim to the Hegelian Dialectic from now on you must remember the process involved. Anytime a major problem or issue arises in society think about who will gain or profit from it. Then remove yourself from the equation and take a step back to look at it from a third party perspective. See the so-called “problem”, look at who is reacting, why and in what way. Then look for who is offering up the solution.
When you do this from now on you’ll quickly see the real truth instead of the false truth they wanted you to see

1 Usefull sites

How to Pronounce words  http://howjsay.com/index.php

Obscure words alphabetical http://phrontistery.info/b.html 

Eat you words  http://users.tinyonline.co.uk/gswithenbank/eatsome.htm
 

A is for Apparatchik

Ameliorate: 

1. trying to ameliorate the suffering of people who have lost their jobs
2. This medicine should help ameliorate the pain.
3. correct, emend, rectify, reform, remediate

APHORISM: An aphorism is an original thought, spoken or written in a laconic (concise) and memorable form.^[1] Aphorism literally means a "distinction" or "definition". The term was first used in the Aphorisms of Hippocrates. The oft-cited first sentence of this work (see Ars longa, vita brevis) is:
"No good dead will go unpunished"  Clare Boothe Luce 

Anabaptists (from Neo-Latin anabaptista, from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός: ἀνά- "over again" and βαπτισμός "baptism") are Christians of the Radical Reformation of 16th-century Europe, considered Protestant by some, although some consider Anabaptism to be a distinct movement from Protestantism. The Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites are direct descendants of the movement.
The name Anabaptist is derived from the Greek term anabaptista, or "one who baptizes over again." This name was given them by their enemies in reference to the practice of "re-baptizing" converts who "already had been baptized" (or sprinkled) as infants. Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants. The early members of this movement abhorred the name "Anabaptist", claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void, the baptizing of believers was not a "re-baptism" but in fact the first baptism for them. Balthasar Hübmaier wrote:

I have never taught Anabaptism. ...But the right baptism of Christ, which is preceded by teaching and oral confession of faith, I teach, and say that infant baptism is a robbery of the right baptism of Christ...^:204

As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics.^[a]
While most Anabaptists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government, some who practiced re-baptism felt contrariwise.^[b] They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Conrad Grebel wrote in a letter to Thomas Müntzer in 1524:

True Christian believers are sheep among wolves, sheep for the slaughter... Neither do they use worldly sword or war, since all killing has ceased with them...^:45

Though a number of theories exist concerning origins, the three main ideas are:

• that Anabaptism began in a single expression in Zürich and spread from there (Monogenesis);
• that Anabaptism began through several independent movements (polygenesis); and
• that Anabaptism was a continuation of true New Testament Christianity (apostolic succession or church perpetuity).
•  
• In the following points Anabaptists who held to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount resembled the medieval dissenters:
  
• They condemned oaths, and also the reference of disputes between believers to law-courts in accordance with 1 Corinthians 6:1–11.
• The believer must not bear arms or offer forcible resistance to wrongdoers, nor wield the sword. No Christian has the jus gladii (the right of the sword).Matthew 5:39
• Civil government (i.e., "Caesar") belongs to the world. The believer, who belongs to God's kingdom, must not fill any office, nor hold any rank under government, which is to be passively obeyed.John 18:36 Romans 13:1-7
• Sinners or unfaithful ones are to be excommunicated, and excluded from the sacraments and from intercourse with believers unless they repent, according to 1 Corinthians 5:9–13 and Matthew 18:15 seq. But no force is to be used towards them.

ABBERANT
1. departing from the right, normal, or usual course.
2.deviating from the ordinary, usual, or normal type; exceptional; abnormal.
3.an aberrant person, thing, group, etc.

ANOMALY

1. Something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected.
2. The angular distance of a planet or satellite from its last perihelion or perigee.

Apparatchik /ˌɑːpəˈrɑːtʃɪk/ (plural apparatchiki or apparatchiks; Russian: аппара́тчик [əpɐˈrat͡ɕɪk]) is a Russian colloquial term for a full-time, professional functionary of the Communist Party or government, i.e. an agent of the governmental or party "apparat" (apparatus) that held any position of bureaucratic or political responsibility, with the exception of the higher ranks of management. James Billington describes one as "a man not of grand plans, but of a hundred carefully executed details."^[1] It is often considered a derogatory term, with negative connotations in terms of the quality, competence, and attitude of a person thus described.^[2]
Members of the "apparat" were frequently transferred between different areas of responsibility, usually with little or no actual training for their new areas of responsibility. Thus, the term apparatchik, or "agent of the apparatus" was usually the best possible description of the person's profession and occupation.^[3]
Not all apparatchiks held lifelong positions. Many only entered such positions in middle age.^[4]
Today apparatchik is also used in contexts other than that of the Soviet Union or communist countries. According to Collins English Dictionary the word can mean "an official or bureaucrat in any organization".^[5]
According to Douglas Harper's Online Etymology Dictionary, the term was also used in the meaning "Communist agent or spy", originating in the writings of Arthur Koestler, circa 1941.

ABROGATE. 1. : to abolish by authoritative action : annul. 2. : to treat as nonexistent <abrogating their responsibilities

Axiom: A self-evident truth that requires no proof. A universally accepted principle or rule.

Aeolistic: Long-winded which has various meanings such as being tediously long in speaking. It also refers to the manner in which one consumes much time or just being unnecessarily talkative or verbose.

Anthropophagy: 
Anthropophagy (Greek: ἄνθρωπος, anthropos, "human being" + φαγειν, phagein, "to eat") is the custom and practice of eating human flesh.
Cannibalism, when one human consumes the flesh of another
Self-cannibalism, the act of eating one's own flesh
Man-eating, the consumption of human flesh by non-human predators ("man-eaters"
Human hematophagy, the consumption of human blood by other animals

ANTHROPOPHACY
Anthropopathismnthe attribution of human passions, etc., to a deity, object, etc.

 

 

B is for Bacciferous

bien pensant = 
Someone who accepts and/or espouses a fashionable idea after it has been established and maintains it without a great amount of critical thought. Right-thinking, orthodox, conformist; conservative. 

 

Bacciferous:  (Pron: Bak siferous) bearing berries 

C is for Concupiscence

Chiraqistan:  France, land of weasels and psuedo-intelledctuals.
In Chiraqistan, we are all dhimmis!

Concupiscence:  A strong desire, especially sexual desire; lust. Ardent longing.

Cui bono /kwiːˈboʊnoʊ/ "to whose benefit?", literally "as a benefit to whom?" is a Latin saying which is still used.
The phrase a double dative construction. It is also rendered as cui prodest.
It is a Latin adage that is used either to suggest a hidden motive or to indicate that the party responsible for something may not be who it appears at first to be.
Commonly the phrase is used to suggest that the person or people guilty of committing a crime may be found among those who have something to gain, chiefly with an eye toward financial gain. The party that benefits may not always be obvious or may have successfully diverted attention to a scapegoat, for example.
The Roman orator and statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero, in his speech Pro Roscio Amerino, section 84, attributed the expression cui bono to the Roman consul and censor Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla:

“

L. Cassius ille quem populus Romanus verissimum et sapientissimum iudicem putabat identidem in causis quaerere solebat 'cui bono' fuisset. The famous Lucius Cassius, whom the Roman people used to regard as a very honest and wise judge, was in the habit of asking, time and again, 'To whose benefit?'

”

Another example of Cicero using "cui bono" is in his defence of Milo, in the Pro Milone. He even makes a reference to Cassius: "let that maxim of Cassius apply".

CALUMNY    

n. pl. cal·um·nies

1. A false statement maliciously made to injure another's reputation.

2. The utterance of maliciously false statements; slander.

D is for Deleterious

Deleterious:  Having a harmful effect; injurious,  injurious to health. Dhimmi is a word used by Muslims to describe a Christian or a Jew, and most recently people who do not follow Islam but live in an Islamic country or another country that does not follow Islam. Dhimmi's in past centuries who lived under a Muslim dominated country lost most of their legal rights and privileges if they did not convert to Islam. Dhimmi’s were also targeted and preyed upon because they were not allowed to testify in courts against Muslims, like Islamic or Sharia courts of today. It made Dhimmi’s easy targets and added incentives for them to hurry up and convert to Islam, or suffer until they do. Dhimmi's have to pay Jizya a tax for practicing their religion. In other words Islam uses the method of Dhimmi and Jizya to force Islamic conversions when they slowly take over a country. 1. Christians and Jews (and sometimes others) in traditional Islamic empires. They had a recognized but very subordinate legal status. 2. Zeropian politicians who kowtow to political Islam, as in Chiraqistan. In France, the elite are all dhimmis. Dhimmi A non muslim that takes a policy of appeasement or kowtows to muslim aggression and hatred of western civilization or a politician who sells out western civilization in return for votes or because they are too afraid to offend muslims The term Dhimmitude is derived from Dhimmi, which means a non-Muslim living in an Islamic country. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary has defined it as "a person living in a region overrun by Muslim conquest who was accorded a protected status and allowed to retain his original faith". According to orthodox Islamic law (Shari'ah), those who are qualified for Dhimmi status within the Muslim society are the free (i.e non-slave) Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. Adherents of other religions, as well as those without religion, are asked to convert to Islam; if they refuse, they are to be forced to convert. However, historically, adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other religions, have lived as Dhimmis within Muslim states. According to the Qur'an and hadith, Jizyah tax must be paid by the dhimmis as a sign of submission. This gives dhimmis some legal protection in return. As established by the Pact of Omar, dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship, they must wear distinctive clothing which includes the Zunar (a kind of belt) wherever they go, etc. Many of these laws are still enforced today in Muslim countries, like Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which enforce various aspects of Shari'ah. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, rape is permitted) or death. The pact also declares that dhimmis are forbidden to ride horses and camels, and may only ride donkeys, and only on packsaddles. The law professor Antoine Fattal offered the following analysis of dhimmitude after close study of Islamic law: Doxastic:  Denoting the branch of modal logic that studies the concept of belief Doxastic logic is a modal logic concerned with reasoning about beliefs. The term doxastic derives from the ancient Greek δόξα, doxa, which means "belief." Typically, a doxastic logic uses 'Bx' to mean "It is believed that x is the case," and the set denotes a set of beliefs. In doxastic logic, belief is treated as a modal operator.